The Contemplation Sutra (观无量寿经) presents 16 sequential visualizations for meditating on Amitabha's Pure Land; the 9th Visualization contains the most detailed canonical description of Guanyin Bodhisattva's physical form found in any East Asian Buddhist scripture.
The Contemplation Sutra (Amitayurdhyana Sutra) is the third of the three Pure Land sutras, and by far the most significant for Guanyin devotion. It opens with a narrative: Queen Vaidehi, imprisoned by her son Ajatashatru, asks the Buddha to show her a pure land free of suffering. The Buddha responds by teaching her — and through her, all future beings — 16 progressive visualizations of Sukhavati.
The first seven visualizations build the Pure Land's setting piece by piece: the sunset (training mental stability), clear water transforming to lapis ground, jewel trees, lotus ponds, and finally the vast lotus throne where Amitabha appears flanked by Guanyin and Mahasthamaprapta. Visualizations 8 through 12 turn to the forms of Amitabha, Guanyin, and Mahasthamaprapta in extraordinary detail. Visualizations 13 through 16 describe nine grades of rebirth, showing that even the most grievous sinner — who recites Amitabha's name ten times at death — can be received by Guanyin in the Pure Land.
The 9th Visualization — Guanyin's full body description — is the canonical iconographic source for Guanyin's depiction in Chinese temple art and practice: the purple-golden body, the crown bearing a standing transformation Buddha, the 84,000 rays of light from the white tuft, the lotus-red arms, the jewel-hands that guide beings. This passage is featured by Cihang as the signature excerpt.
Contemplation Sutra
The Contemplation Sutra presents 16 visualizations for meditating on Amitabha's Pure Land. The 10th Visualization describes Guanyin Bodhisattva's form in greater detail than any other canonical text.
rú shì wǒ wén … (Introduction — narrative frame)
如是我聞:一時,佛在王舍城耆闍崛山中, 與大比丘眾千二百五十人俱;菩薩三萬二 千,文殊師利法王子而為上首。爾時王舍 大城有一太子,名阿闍世,隨順調達惡友 之教,收執父王頻婆娑羅,幽閉置於七重室 內,制諸群臣,一不得往。國大夫人,名韋提 希,恭敬大王,澡浴清淨,以酥蜜和麨,用塗 其身,諸瓔珞中盛葡萄漿,密以上王。爾時 大王,食麨飲漿,求水漱口;漱口畢已,合 掌恭敬,向耆闍崛山,遙禮世尊,而作是言: 「大目乾連是吾親友,願興慈悲,授我八戒。」 時目乾連如鷹隼飛,疾至王所;日日如是, 授王八戒。世尊亦遣尊者富樓那,為王說 法。如是時間經三七日,王食麨蜜得聞 法故,顏色和悅。時阿闍世問守門人:「父王 今者猶存在耶?」時守門者白言:「大王!國 大夫人身塗麨蜜,瓔珞盛漿,持用上王; 沙門目連及富樓那,從空而來,為王說法, 不可禁制。」時阿闍世聞此語已,怒其母 曰:「我母是賊,與賊為伴;沙門惡人,幻惑呪 術,令此惡王多日不死。」即執利劍欲害 其母。時有一臣,名曰月光,聰明多智,及 與耆婆,為王作禮。白言:「大王!臣聞毘陀論 經說:『劫初已來,有諸惡王貪國位故,殺害 其父一萬八千。』未曾聞有無道害母。王今 為此殺逆之事,污剎利種,臣不忍聞!是栴 陀羅,我等不宜復住於此。」時二大臣說此 語竟,以手按劍,却行而退。時阿闍世驚怖 惶懼,告耆婆言:「汝不為我耶?」耆婆白言: 「大王!慎莫害母。」王聞此語,懺悔求救,即 便捨劍,止不害母,勅語內官:「閉置深宮,不 令復出。」時韋提希被幽閉已,愁憂憔悴;遙 向耆闍崛山,為佛作禮,而作是言:「如來世 尊在昔之時,恒遣阿難來慰問我;我今愁 憂,世尊威重,無由得見;願遣目連、尊者阿 難,與我相見。」作是語已,悲泣雨淚,遙向佛 禮。未舉頭頃,爾時世尊在耆闍崛山,知韋 提希心之所念,即勅大目揵連及以阿難, 從空而來。佛從耆闍崛山沒,於王宮出。 時韋提希禮已舉頭,見世尊釋迦牟尼佛, 身紫金色坐百寶蓮華。目連侍左,阿難在 右,釋梵護世諸天在虛空中,普雨天華,持 用供養。時韋提希見佛世尊,自絕瓔珞,舉 身投地,號泣向佛。白言:「世尊!我宿何罪,生 此惡子?世尊復有何等因緣,與提婆達多 共為眷屬?唯願世尊,為我廣說無憂惱處, 我當往生,不樂閻浮提濁惡世也。此濁惡 處,地獄、餓鬼、畜生盈滿,多不善聚。願我未 來不聞惡聲,不見惡人。今向世尊五體投 地,求哀懺悔。唯願佛日教我觀於清淨業 處。」爾時世尊放眉間光,其光金色,遍照十 方無量世界;還住佛頂,化為金臺,如須彌 山。十方諸佛淨妙國土,皆於中現。或有國 土七寶合成;復有國土純是蓮花;復有國 土如自在天宮;復有國土如頗梨鏡;十 方國土皆於中現。有如是等無量諸佛國土 嚴顯可觀,令韋提希見。時韋提希白佛言: 「世尊!是諸佛土,雖復清淨,皆有光明;我今 樂生極樂世界阿彌陀佛所。唯願世尊,教 我思惟,教我正受。」爾時世尊即便微笑,有 五色光,從佛口出,一一光照頻婆娑羅王 頂。爾時大王雖在幽閉,心眼無障,遙見世 尊,頭面作禮;自然增進,成阿那含。爾時世 尊告韋提希:「汝今知不?阿彌陀佛去此不 遠;汝當繫念,諦觀彼國淨業成者。我今為 汝廣說眾譬,亦令未來世一切凡夫欲修 淨業者,得生西方極樂國土。欲生彼國 者,當修三福:一者、孝養父母,奉事師長, 慈心不殺,修十善業。二者、受持三歸,具足 眾戒,不犯威儀。三者、發菩提心,深信因 果,讀誦大乘,勸進行者。如此三事名為淨 業。」佛告韋提希:「汝今知不?此三種業,乃是 過去、未來、現在三世諸佛淨業正因。」 佛告阿難及韋提希:「諦聽,諦聽!善思念之。如 來今者,為未來世一切眾生為煩惱賊之所 害者,說清淨業。善哉韋提希!快問此事。阿 難!汝當受持,廣為多眾宣說佛語。如來今 者,教韋提希及未來世一切眾生觀於西方 極樂世界。以佛力故,當得見彼清淨國土, 如執明鏡自見面像。見彼國土極妙樂事, 心歡喜故,應時即得無生法忍。」佛告韋提 希:「汝是凡夫,心想羸劣,未得天眼,不能遠 觀;諸佛如來有異方便,令汝得見。」時韋提 希白佛言:「世尊!如我今者,以佛力故見彼 國土。若佛滅後,諸眾生等,濁惡不善,五苦 所逼,云何當見阿彌陀佛極樂世界?」
Opening: The sutra is set at Vulture Peak in Rajagriha. Prince Ajatashatru, led astray by Devadatta, has imprisoned his father King Bimbisara. Queen Vaidehi smuggles food to the king concealed in her ornaments. Overwhelmed by suffering, she asks the Buddha to teach her a pure land free of sorrow. The Buddha teaches her that those who aspire to birth in Sukhavati should cultivate three kinds of merit: (1) filial piety, compassion, and the ten good deeds; (2) the three refuges and precepts; (3) the bodhichitta, faith in cause-and-effect, and study of Mahayana.
fó gào wéi tí xī … (First Visualization — 日想觀)
佛告 韋提希:「汝及眾生應當專心,繫念一處, 想於西方。云何作想?凡作想者,一切眾生 自非生盲,有目之徒,皆見日沒。當起想念, 正坐西向,諦觀於日,令心堅住,專想不 移。見日欲沒,狀如懸鼓。既見日已,閉目 開目皆令明了。是為日想,名曰初觀。作 是觀者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
First Visualization — Sun (日想觀): Sit facing west at sunset and fix the mind on the setting sun until its image remains clear whether the eyes are open or closed. This trains the meditator's ability to sustain a mental image.
cì zuò shuǐ xiǎng … (Second Visualization — 水想觀)
佛 告阿難及韋提希:「初觀成已,次作水想。想 見西方一切皆是大水,見水澄清,亦令明 了,無分散意。既見水已,當起氷想。見氷映 徹,作琉璃想。此想成已,見琉璃地,內外映 徹。下有金剛七寶金幢,擎琉璃地。其幢八方, 八楞具足,一一方面,百寶所成,一一寶珠,有 千光明,一一光明,八萬四千色,映琉璃地,如 億千日,不可具見。琉璃地上,以黃金繩,雜 廁間錯,以七寶界,分齊分明,一一寶中,有 五百色光。其光如花,又似星月,懸處虛空, 成光明臺。樓閣千萬,百寶合成,於臺兩邊, 各有百億花幢,無量樂器,以為莊嚴。八種清 風從光明出,鼓此樂器,演說苦、空、無常、無 我之音,是為水想,名第二觀。此想成時,一 一觀之,極令了了。閉目開目,不令散失,唯 除食時,恒憶此事。作此觀者,名為正觀。 若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
Second Visualization — Water/Lapis Ground (水想觀): Visualize the western quarter as vast clear water, then transform that vision into ice, then into a lapis lazuli ground. The ground is supported by golden diamond pillars and studded with seven jewels that radiate infinite light. Golden cords crisscross it; jewel-towers line its edges.
cǐ xiǎng chéng shí … (Third Visualization — 地想觀)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「水 想成已,名為粗見極樂國地。若得三昧, 見彼國地,了了分明,不可具說。是為地想, 名第三觀。」
Third Visualization — Ground (地想觀): Solidify the vision of the lapis lazuli ground, keeping it vivid whether eyes are open or closed. Holding this steadily (except during meals) constitutes a preliminary perception of the Pure Land's ground. In samadhi, the ground becomes fully clear and detailed beyond description.
cì guān bǎo shù … (Fourth Visualization — 樹想觀)
佛告阿難:「汝持佛語,為未來世一切大眾 欲脫苦者,說是觀地法。若觀是地者,除八 十億劫生死之罪。捨身他世,必生淨國,心 得無疑。作是觀者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名 為邪觀。」佛告阿難及韋提希:「地想成已,次 觀寶樹。觀寶樹者,一一觀之,作七重行樹 想。一一樹高八千由旬,其諸寶樹,七寶花葉 無不具足。一一華葉,作異寶色。琉璃色中 出金色光;頗梨色中出紅色光;馬腦色中 出車𤦲光;車𤦲色中出綠真珠光;珊瑚琥 珀一切眾寶以為映飾。妙真珠網彌覆樹上, 一一樹上有七重網,一一網間有五百億妙 華宮殿,如梵王宮。諸天童子自然在中,一 一童子有五百億釋迦毘楞伽摩尼寶以 為瓔珞;其摩尼光照百由旬,猶如和合百 億日月,不可具名,眾寶間錯色中上者。此 諸寶樹,行行相當,葉葉相次,於眾葉間生 諸妙花,花上自然有七寶果。一一樹葉,縱廣 正等二十五由旬;其葉千色有百種畫,如天 纓珞;有眾妙華,作閻浮檀金色;如旋火 輪,宛轉葉間,踊生諸果,如帝釋瓶;有大 光明,化成幢幡無量寶蓋。是寶蓋中,映現三 千大千世界一切佛事;十方佛國亦於中現。 見此樹已,亦當次第一一觀之,觀見樹莖、 枝葉、華果,皆令分明。是為樹想,名第四觀。 作是觀者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
Fourth Visualization — Jewel Trees (樹想觀): Visualize the Pure Land's seven-jewel trees, each 8,000 yojanas high. Their leaves shimmer with lapis, crystal, agate, and coral light. Pearl nets drape each tree; in every mesh, 500 billion jewel palaces inhabited by heavenly children wearing jeweled garlands. The tree trunks and leaves reflect all Buddha-realms of the ten directions as in mirrors.
cì dāng xiǎng shuǐ … (Fifth Visualization — 八功德水想觀)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「樹想成已,次當想水。 欲想水者,極樂國土有八池水。一一池水 七寶所成;其寶柔軟從如意珠王生,分為 十四支;一一支作七寶色。黃金為渠,渠下 皆以雜色金剛以為底沙。一一水中有六 十億七寶蓮花,一一蓮華團圓正等十二由 旬。其摩尼水流注華間,尋樹上下。其聲微 妙,演說苦、空、無常、無我、諸波羅蜜,復有讚歎 諸佛相好者。從如意珠王踊出金色微 妙光明,其光化為百寶色鳥,和鳴哀雅,常 讚念佛、念法、念僧,是為八功德水想,名第 五觀。作是觀者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名為 邪觀。」
Fifth Visualization — Eight-Virtue Waters (八功德水想觀): The Pure Land has eight lotus ponds of seven-jewel water. Each pond flows from a wish-fulfilling jewel and branches into fourteen streams of seven-jewel colors. In every pond, sixty billion lotus flowers. The waters flow between the flowers and trees; their sound preaches the Dharma of impermanence, suffering, emptiness, and non-self. The wish-jewel emits golden light that becomes jewel-colored birds singing the praises of the Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha.
zhòng bǎo guó tǔ … (Sixth Visualization — 總觀想)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「眾寶國土,一一界 上有五百億寶樓,其樓閣中有無量諸天, 作天伎樂。又有樂器懸處虛空,如天寶幢 不鼓自鳴。此眾音中,皆說念佛、念法、念比 丘僧。此想成已,名為粗見極樂世界寶樹、 寶地、寶池,是為總觀想,名第六觀。若見此 者,除無量億劫極重惡業,命終之後必生彼 國。作是觀者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名為邪 觀。」
Sixth Visualization — General Vision (總觀想): The five hundred billion jewel-towers in the Pure Land resound with celestial music; instruments play by themselves in the air, all proclaiming the Three Jewels. This overall vision of the jewel trees, jewel ground, and jewel pools is completed here. Seeing this vision removes immeasurable eons of heavy karma; the practitioner is assured of rebirth.
fó gào ā nán jí wéi tí xī … (Seventh Visualization — 華座想)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「諦聽,諦聽!善思念 之。吾當為汝分別解說除苦惱法,汝等 憶持,廣為大眾分別解說。」說是語時,無量 壽佛住立空中,觀世音、大勢至,是二大士侍 立左右。光明熾盛不可具見,百千閻浮檀 金色不可為比。時韋提希見無量壽佛已, 接足作禮,白佛言:「世尊!我今因佛力故, 得見無量壽佛及二菩薩,未來眾生,當云 何觀無量壽佛及二菩薩?」佛告韋提希:「欲 觀彼佛者,當起想念,於七寶地上作蓮 花想,令其蓮花一一葉作百寶色。有八萬 四千脈,猶如天畫;一一脈有八萬四千光, 了了分明,皆令得見。華葉小者,縱廣二百五 十由旬;如是蓮華有八萬四千大葉,一一 葉間,有百億摩尼珠王以為映飾。一一摩 尼珠放千光明,其光如蓋,七寶合成,遍覆 地上。釋迦毘楞伽摩尼寶以為其臺;此蓮 花臺,八萬金剛甄叔迦寶,梵摩尼寶,妙真珠 網,以為交飾。於其臺上,自然而有四柱 寶幢,一一寶幢如百千萬億須彌山;幢上寶 縵如夜摩天宮,復有五百億微妙寶珠,以 為映飾。一一寶珠有八萬四千光,一一光 作八萬四千異種金色,一一金色遍其寶土, 處處變化,各作異相;或為金剛臺,或作真 珠網,或作雜花雲,於十方面隨意變現,施 作佛事,是為花座想,名第七觀。」 佛告阿難:「如此妙花,是本法藏比丘願力所 成,若欲念彼佛者,當先作此妙花座想。 作此想時不得雜觀;皆應一一觀之,一一 葉,一一珠,一一光,一一臺,一一幢,皆令分明, 如於鏡中自見面像。此想成者,滅除五 百億劫生死之罪,必定當生極樂世界。作 是觀者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名為邪觀。」 佛告阿難及韋提希:「見此事已,次當想佛。 所以者何?諸佛如來是法界身,遍入一切 眾生心想中;是故汝等心想佛時,是心即是 三十二相、八十隨形好。是心作佛,是心是佛。 諸佛正遍知海,從心想生,是故應當一心繫 念,諦觀彼佛、多陀阿伽度、阿羅呵、三藐三佛 陀。想彼佛者,先當想像。閉目開目,見一寶 像,如閻浮檀金色,坐彼華上。像既坐已,心 眼得開,了了分明,見極樂國七寶莊嚴,寶地、 寶池、寶樹行列,諸天寶縵彌覆樹上,眾寶 羅網滿虛空中。見如此事,極令明了,如觀 掌中。見此事已,復當更作一大蓮華在佛 左邊,如前蓮華等無有異。復作一大蓮華 在佛右邊,想一觀世音菩薩像坐左華座, 亦放金光如前無異。想一大勢至菩薩像 坐右華座。此想成時,佛菩薩像皆放妙光; 其光金色,照諸寶樹。一一樹下亦有三蓮華, 諸蓮華上各有一佛二菩薩像,遍滿彼國。 此想成時,行者當聞水流、光明及諸寶樹、鳧 鴈、鴛鴦皆說妙法。出定、入定恒聞妙法。行者 所聞,出定之時憶持不捨,令與修多羅合。 若不合者,名為妄想,若與合者,名為麁 想見極樂世界。是為想像,名第八觀。作 是觀者,除無量億劫生死之罪,於現身中 得念佛三昧。作是觀者,名為正觀。若他觀 者,名為邪觀。」
Seventh Visualization — Lotus Throne (華座想): Amitabha Buddha appears standing in the air with Guanyin and Mahasthamaprapta at his sides, their light surpassing a hundred thousand Jambu-river gold suns. Vaidehi asks how future beings may visualize Amitabha. The Buddha teaches visualization of the lotus throne: 84,000-petal lotuses, each petal of a hundred jewel-colors with 84,000 veins of light; the throne of vajra and jewel-nets, four jewel-pillars each like Mount Sumeru, shimmering with gold that transforms throughout the Pure Land.
cǐ xiǎng chéng yǐ … (Eighth Visualization — 像想觀/佛身想)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「此想成已,次當更觀 無量壽佛身相光明。阿難當知!無量壽佛身, 如百千萬億夜摩天閻浮檀金色。佛身高六 十萬億那由他恒河沙由旬;眉間白毫右旋 宛轉,如五須彌山。佛眼清淨如四大海水, 清白分明。身諸毛孔演出光明,如須彌山。 彼佛圓光如百億三千大千世界;於圓光中, 有百萬億那由他恒河沙化佛;一一化佛,亦 有眾多無數化菩薩,以為侍者。無量壽佛 有八萬四千相;一一相中,各有八萬四千 隨形好;一一好中復有八萬四千光明;一一 光明遍照十方世界,念佛眾生攝取不捨。其 光相好及與化佛,不可具說;但當憶想 令心明見。見此事者,即見十方一切諸 佛,以見諸佛故名念佛三昧。作是觀者,名 觀一切佛身,以觀佛身故亦見佛心。諸 佛心者大慈悲是,以無緣慈攝諸眾生。作 此觀者,捨身他世,生諸佛前,得無生忍。 是故智者應當繫心諦觀無量壽佛。觀無 量壽佛者,從一相好入,但觀眉間白毫,極 令明了。見眉間白毫相者,八萬四千相好 自然當見。見無量壽佛者,即見十方無量 諸佛;得見無量諸佛故,諸佛現前受記。是 為遍觀一切色想,名第九觀。作是觀者, 名為正觀。若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
Eighth Visualization — Amitabha's Body (像想觀): Amitabha's body is the color of Jambu-river gold and 600 trillion nayuta Ganges-sand yojanas tall. His white tuft of hair spirals like five Mount Sumerus; his eyes are like the four oceans. His halo contains a hundred million transformation Buddhas. His 84,000 physical marks each emit 84,000 kinds of light that embrace all beings reciting the Buddha's name. To see his body is to see all Buddhas of the ten directions — this is the samadhi of Buddha-recollection. From this practice, one attains the patience of non-arising.
jiàn wú liàng shòu fó liǎo liǎo fēn míng yǐ … (Ninth Visualization — 觀世音菩薩真實色身相)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「見無量壽佛了了分明 已,次亦應觀觀世音菩薩。此菩薩身長八 十億那由他恒河沙由旬,身紫金色,頂有 肉髻,項有圓光,面各百千由旬。其圓光中 有五百化佛,如釋迦牟尼。一一化佛,有五 百菩薩,無量諸天,以為侍者。舉身光中五 道眾生,一切色相皆於中現。頂上毘楞伽摩 尼妙寶,以為天冠。其天冠中有一立化佛, 高二十五由旬。觀世音菩薩面如閻浮檀金 色;眉間毫相備七寶色,流出八萬四千種光 明;一一光明,有無量無數百千化佛;一一 化佛,無數化菩薩以為侍者,變現自在滿 十方界。臂如紅蓮花色,有八十億微妙 光明,以為瓔珞;其瓔珞中,普現一切諸莊 嚴事。手掌作五百億雜蓮華色;手十指端, 一一指端有八萬四千畫,猶如印文。一一畫 有八萬四千色;一一色有八萬四千光,其 光柔軟普照一切,以此寶手接引眾生。舉 足時,足下有千輻輪相,自然化成五百億 光明臺。下足時,有金剛摩尼花,布散一切 莫不彌滿。其餘身相,眾好具足,如佛無異, 唯頂上肉髻及無見頂相,不及世尊。是為 觀觀世音菩薩真實色身相,名第十觀。」 佛告阿難:「若欲觀觀世音菩薩當作是 觀。作是觀者不遇諸禍,淨除業障,除無 數劫生死之罪。如此菩薩,但聞其名,獲無 量福,何況諦觀!若有欲觀觀世音菩薩者, 當先觀頂上肉髻,次觀天冠。其餘眾相亦 次第觀之,悉令明了,如觀掌中。作是觀 者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
Ninth Visualization — Guanyin Bodhisattva's Form (觀世音菩薩真實色身相): Guanyin's body is purple-golden, with a crown halo whose circumference spans hundreds of thousands of yojanas; within the halo appear 500 transformation Buddhas. Her crown jewel contains a standing transformation Buddha 25 yojanas tall. From the white tuft between her brows she radiates 84,000 lights, each containing countless transformation Buddhas and bodhisattvas filling the ten directions. Her arms are the color of red lotuses; her palms display 500 billion lotus-colors; each fingertip bears 84,000 marks with 84,000 colors and lights, soft and universally illuminating. With these jewel-hands she receives and guides beings. Where she lifts a foot, a thousand-spoked wheel appears; where she sets it down, vajra-jewel flowers spread everywhere. Her marks are identical to a Buddha's — only the uṣṇīṣa and the invisible crown surpass her.
cì guān dà shì zhì pú sà … (Tenth Visualization — 大勢至色身相)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「次觀大勢至菩薩。 此菩薩身量大小亦如觀世音,圓光面各二 百二十五由旬,照二百五十由旬。舉身光 明照十方國,作紫金色。有緣眾生皆悉得 見。但見此菩薩一毛孔光,即見十方無量 諸佛淨妙光明,是故號此菩薩名無邊光。 以智慧光普照一切,令離三塗,得無上 力,是故號此菩薩名大勢至。此菩薩天冠 有五百寶蓮華;一一寶華有五百寶臺。一 一臺中,十方諸佛淨妙國土廣長之相,皆於 中現。頂上肉髻如鉢頭摩花。於肉髻上有 一寶瓶,盛諸光明,普現佛事。餘諸身相如 觀世音,等無有異。此菩薩行時,十方世界 一切震動,當地動處各有五百億寶花。一 一寶花莊嚴高顯,如極樂世界。此菩薩坐時, 七寶國土一時動搖。從下方金光佛剎,乃至 上方光明王佛剎,於其中間無量塵數分身 無量壽佛,分身觀世音、大勢至,皆悉雲集極 樂國土,側塞空中坐蓮華座,演說妙法, 度苦眾生。作此觀者,名為觀見大勢至 菩薩;是為觀大勢至色身相。觀此菩薩 者名第十一觀,除無數劫阿僧祇生死之 罪;作是觀者不處胞胎,常遊諸佛淨妙國 土。此觀成已,名為具足觀觀世音及大勢 至。作是觀者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名為邪 觀。」
Tenth Visualization — Mahasthamaprapta Bodhisattva (大勢至色身相): Mahasthamaprapta's body equals Guanyin's in size. A single pore of his light reveals all Buddhas in the ten directions — hence his name 'Boundless Light.' His crown jewel contains 500 jewel-flowers, each with 500 jewel-platforms reflecting all Pure Lands. When he walks, the ten directions tremble; where he sits, the seven-jewel realm shakes from the lowest Buddha-field to the highest. Transformation bodies of Amitabha, Guanyin, and Mahasthamaprapta gather in the Pure Land, filling the sky, seated on lotus thrones, teaching the wondrous Dharma. This visualization removes immeasurable eons of birth-and-death karma; the practitioner is never reborn in a womb.
jiàn cǐ shì yǐ … (Eleventh Visualization — 普觀想)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「見此事時當起 想作心,自見生於西方極樂世界,於蓮華 中結跏趺坐,作蓮華合想,作蓮華開想。 蓮華開時,有五百色光來照身想;眼目開 想,見佛菩薩滿虛空中,水、鳥、樹林及與諸 佛,所出音聲,皆演妙法,與十二部經合。若 出定時憶持不失。見此事已,名見無量壽 佛極樂世界。是為普觀想,名第十二觀。無 量壽佛化身無數,與觀世音及大勢至,常 來至此行人之所。作是觀者,名為正觀。 若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
Eleventh Visualization — General Pure Land Vision (普觀想): Imagine being born in the Pure Land, sitting cross-legged inside a closed lotus. Visualize the lotus opening; five hundred colors of light illuminate the body. The eyes open to see Buddhas and bodhisattvas filling space, water birds, trees, and all sounds proclaiming the wondrous Dharma in harmony with the twelve divisions of scripture. Emerging from meditation, this vision remains without loss.
ruò yù zhì xīn shēng xī fāng zhě … (Twelfth Visualization — 雜想觀)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「若欲至心生西方者, 先當觀於一丈六像在池水上。如先所說, 無量壽佛身量無邊,非是凡夫心力所及。然 彼如來宿願力故,有憶想者必得成就。但 想佛像得無量福,況復觀佛具足身相! 阿彌陀佛神通如意,於十方國變現自在。或 現大身滿虛空中;或現小身丈六八尺。所 現之形皆真金色,圓光化佛及寶蓮花,如上 所說。觀世音菩薩及大勢至,於一切處身 同眾生,但觀首相,知是觀世音,知是大 勢至,此二菩薩助阿彌陀佛,普化一切。是 為雜想觀,名第十三觀。作是觀者,名為 正觀。若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
Twelfth Visualization — Mixed Visualization (雜想觀): For those who cannot visualize Amitabha's vast form, start with a 16-foot image on the lotus pond. Amitabha can appear vast (filling all space) or small (16 feet). His form is always true gold; his halo contains transformation Buddhas. Guanyin and Mahasthamaprapta appear with bodies like ordinary beings; they are recognized by their crown ornaments. These two bodhisattvas assist Amitabha in universally transforming all beings.
fó gào ā nán jí wéi tí xī … (Thirteenth Visualization — 上品生想)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「凡生西方有九品 人。上品上生者,若有眾生願生彼國者, 發三種心,即便往生。何等為三?一者、至誠 心。二者、深心。三者、迴向發願心。具三心者 必生彼國。復有三種眾生,當得往生。何等 為三?一者、慈心不殺,具諸戒行。二者、讀誦 大乘方等經典。三者、修行六念,迴向發願 生彼佛國。具此功德,一日乃至七日,即得 往生。生彼國時,此人精進勇猛故,阿彌陀 如來與觀世音及大勢至,無數化佛,百千比 丘,聲聞大眾,無量諸天,七寶宮殿,觀世音菩 薩執金剛臺,與大勢至菩薩至行者前。阿 彌陀佛放大光明,照行者身,與諸菩薩授 手迎接。觀世音、大勢至與無數菩薩,讚歎 行者,勸進其心。行者見已,歡喜踊躍。自見 其身乘金剛臺,隨從佛後,如彈指頃,往生 彼國。生彼國已,見佛色身眾相具足,見諸 菩薩色相具足。光明寶林,演說妙法。聞已即 悟無生法忍。經須臾間歷事諸佛,遍十 方界,於諸佛前次第受記。還至本國,得 無量百千陀羅尼門,是名上品上生者。「上 品中生者,不必受持讀誦方等經典。善解 義趣,於第一義心不驚動,深信因果,不 謗大乘;以此功德,迴向願求生極樂國。行 此行者命欲終時,阿彌陀佛與觀世音及 大勢至,無量大眾,眷屬圍繞,持紫金臺至 行者前,讚言:『法子!汝行大乘,解第一義, 是故我今來迎接汝。』與千化佛一時授手。行 者自見坐紫金臺,合掌叉手,讚歎諸佛,如 一念頃,即生彼國七寶池中。此紫金臺如大 寶花,經宿即開。行者身作紫磨金色,足下 亦有七寶蓮華。佛及菩薩俱放光明,照行 者身,目即開明。因前宿習,普聞眾聲,純說 甚深第一義諦。即下金臺,禮佛合掌讚歎 世尊。經於七日,應時即於阿耨多羅三藐 三菩提,得不退轉。應時即能飛至十方, 歷事諸佛,於諸佛所修諸三昧。經一小劫 得無生法忍,現前受記,是名上品中生 者。「上品下生者,亦信因果,不謗大乘,但發 無上道心,以此功德,迴向願求生極樂國。 彼行者命欲終時,阿彌陀佛及觀世音并 大勢至,與諸眷屬持金蓮華,化作五百 化佛,來迎此人。五百化佛一時授手,讚言: 『法子!汝今清淨,發無上道心,我來迎汝。』見 此事時,即自見身坐金蓮花。坐已華合,隨 世尊後,即得往生七寶池中。一日一夜蓮花 乃開,七日之中乃得見佛。雖見佛身,於 眾相好心不明了,於三七日後乃了了見。 聞眾音聲,皆演妙法。遊歷十方,供養諸佛。 於諸佛前聞甚深法,經三小劫得百法明 門,住歡喜地。是名上品下生者。是名上輩 生想,名第十四觀。作是觀者,名為正觀。 若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
Thirteenth Visualization — Highest Grade Rebirth (上品生想, Upper Level): Those who aspire to the highest grade of rebirth must cultivate three minds: sincere mind, deep mind, and the mind of dedication and aspiration. Three classes qualify: those who are compassionate and observe the precepts; those who recite Mahayana sutras; those who practice the six mindfulnesses. After one to seven days, at death, Amitabha appears with Guanyin (holding a vajra throne) and Mahasthamaprapta; in a snap of fingers the practitioner is reborn. They immediately hear the Dharma and attain the patience of non-arising.
zhōng pǐn shàng shēng zhě … (Fourteenth Visualization — 中品生想 / 下品上生)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「中品上生者,若有眾 生受持五戒,持八戒齋,修行諸戒,不造 五逆,無眾過惡;以此善根,迴向願求生 於西方極樂世界。行者臨命終時,阿彌陀 佛與諸比丘,眷屬圍繞,放金色光至其人 所,演說苦、空、無常、無我,讚歎出家得離眾 苦。行者見已,心大歡喜。自見己身坐蓮花 臺,長跪合掌為佛作禮。未舉頭頃即得往 生極樂世界,蓮花尋開。當華敷時,聞眾音 聲讚歎四諦,應時即得阿羅漢道,三明、六 通、具八解脫;是名中品上生者。「中品中生 者,若有眾生,若一日一夜持八戒齋,若一 日一夜持沙彌戒,若一日一夜持具足戒,威 儀無缺。以此功德,迴向願求生極樂國。戒 香薰修,如此行者命欲終時,見阿彌陀佛 與諸眷屬放金色光,持七寶蓮花至行 者前,行者自聞空中有聲,讚言:『善男子!如 汝善人,隨順三世諸佛教故,我來迎汝。』行 者自見坐蓮花上,蓮花即合,生於西方極樂 世界。在寶池中,經於七日蓮花乃敷。花 既敷已,開目合掌,讚歎世尊。聞法歡喜,得 須陀洹,經半劫已成阿羅漢;是名中品中 生者。「中品下生者,若有善男子、善女人,孝養 父母,行世仁義,此人命欲終時,遇善知識 為其廣說阿彌陀佛國土樂事,亦說法藏比 丘四十八大願。聞此事已,尋即命終。譬如 壯士屈伸臂頃,即生西方極樂世界。生經 七日,遇觀世音及大勢至,聞法歡喜得 須陀洹。過一小劫,成阿羅漢。是名中品下 生者。是名中輩生想,名第十五觀。作是 觀者,名為正觀。若他觀者,名為邪觀。」
Fourteenth Visualization — Middle and Lower-Upper Grade Rebirths (中品上生 / 下品上生): The middle-upper grade: one who keeps the five precepts and eight precepts, avoids the five grave offenses, and dedicates this merit. At death, Amitabha appears with monks, preaches impermanence; the practitioner is reborn instantly on a lotus throne and attains arhatship at the lotus opening. The lower-upper grade: one who has committed many evil deeds but, at death, hears a spiritual friend recite Mahayana sutra titles and then recites 'Namo Amituofo'; a transformation Amitabha with transformation Guanyin and Mahasthamaprapta comes to receive them. After 49 days the lotus opens; the compassionate Guanyin teaches the twelve-fold scripture, and the practitioner sets forth on the supreme path.
xià pǐn zhōng shēng zhě … (Fifteenth and Sixteenth Visualizations — 下品中生 / 下品下生)
佛告阿難及韋提希:「下品上生者,或有眾 生作眾惡業,雖不誹謗方等經典,如此愚 人,多造惡法,無有慚愧,命欲終時遇善 知識,為讚大乘十二部經首題名字。以聞 如是諸經名故,除却千劫極重惡業。智者 復教合掌叉手,稱南無阿彌陀佛。稱佛名 故,除五十億劫生死之罪。爾時彼佛,即遣 化佛,化觀世音,化大勢至,至行者前,讚言: 『善哉!善男子!汝稱佛名故諸罪消滅,我來 迎汝。』作是語已,行者即見化佛光明,遍 滿其室,見已歡喜,即便命終。乘寶蓮花,隨化 佛後,生寶池中,經七七日蓮花乃敷。當花 敷時,大悲觀世音菩薩,及大勢至菩薩,放 大光明,住其人前,為說甚深十二部經。聞已 信解,發無上道心。經十小劫,具百法明門, 得入初地;是名下品上生者;得聞佛名、 法名及聞僧名,聞三寶名即得往生。」佛 告阿難及韋提希:「下品中生者,或有眾生, 毀犯五戒、八戒及具足戒,如此愚人,偷僧 祇物,盜現前僧物,不淨說法,無有慚愧,以 諸惡法而自莊嚴。如此罪人,以惡業故應 墮地獄。命欲終時,地獄眾火一時俱至,遇 善知識以大慈悲,即為讚說阿彌陀佛十 力威德,廣讚彼佛光明神力,亦讚戒、定、慧、 解脫、解脫知見。此人聞已,除八十億劫生死 之罪。地獄猛火化為涼風,吹諸天華。華 上皆有化佛菩薩,迎接此人。如一念頃,即 得往生七寶池中蓮花之內,經於六劫,蓮 花乃敷。當華敷時,觀世音、大勢至,以梵音 聲安慰彼人,為說大乘甚深經典。聞此法 已,應時即發無上道心。是名下品中生者。」 佛告阿難及韋提希:「下品下生者,或有眾 生作不善業,五逆、十惡,具諸不善。如此愚 人以惡業故,應墮惡道,經歷多劫,受苦 無窮。如此愚人臨命終時,遇善知識,種種 安慰,為說妙法,教令念佛,彼人苦逼不遑 念佛。善友告言:『汝若不能念彼佛者,應 稱歸命無量壽佛。』如是至心令聲不絕, 具足十念,稱南無阿彌陀佛。稱佛名故, 於念念中,除八十億劫生死之罪。命終之 時見金蓮花,猶如日輪,住其人前,如一念 頃,即得往生極樂世界。於蓮花中滿十 二大劫,蓮花方開。當花敷時,觀世音、大勢 至以大悲音聲,即為其人廣說實相,除滅 罪法。聞已歡喜,應時即發菩提之心;是名 下品下生者。是名下輩生想,名第十六觀。」 爾時世尊說是語時,韋提希與五百侍女, 聞佛所說,應時即見極樂世界廣長之相, 得見佛身及二菩薩。心生歡喜,歎未曾有, 豁然大悟,得無生忍。五百侍女發阿耨多 羅三藐三菩提心,願生彼國。世尊悉記,皆 當往生,生彼國已,獲得諸佛現前三昧。 無量諸天,發無上道心。 爾時阿難,即從座起,前白佛言:「世尊!當 何名此經?此法之要,當云何受持?」佛告阿 難:「此經名『觀極樂國土無量壽佛觀世音菩 薩大勢至菩薩』,亦名『淨除業障生諸佛前』。汝 當受持,無令忘失!行此三昧者,現身得見 無量壽佛及二大士。若善男子及善女人,但 聞佛名、二菩薩名,除無量劫生死之罪,何況 憶念!若念佛者,當知此人即是人中芬陀 利花,觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩為其勝友, 當坐道場,生諸佛家。」 佛告阿難:「汝好持是語。持是語者,即是持 無量壽佛名。」佛說此語時,尊者目連、尊 者阿難及韋提希等,聞佛所說,皆大歡喜。 爾時世尊,足步虛空,還耆闍崛山。爾時,阿 難廣為大眾說如上事。無量人、天、龍、神、 夜叉,聞佛所說,皆大歡喜,禮佛而退。
Fifteenth and Sixteenth Visualizations — Lowest Grade Rebirths (下品中生 / 下品下生): The lower-middle grade: one who has broken precepts and stolen from the sangha. At death, hellfire approaches; a spiritual friend praises Amitabha's ten powers and the five components of liberation. The fire becomes a cool breeze; transformation Buddhas come; the practitioner is reborn in a lotus that opens after six kalpas, with Guanyin and Mahasthamaprapta comforting them. The lowest grade: one who has committed the five grave offenses. A friend instructs them to recite 'Namo Amituofo' ten times; with each recitation, 80 billion eons of karma are dissolved. A golden lotus like the sun appears; they are reborn instantly, and after twelve great kalpas the lotus opens; compassionate Guanyin and Mahasthamaprapta teach the reality of all dharmas. Even this being attains the bodhichitta.
Source
- Tradition
- Mahayana Pure Land — one of the three Pure Land sutras; Shandao's (613–681 CE) commentary on this sutra established the orthodox Chinese Pure Land lineage. The 10th Visualization is the primary canonical description of Guanyin Bodhisattva's physical form.
- Source
- Sanskrit Amitayurdhyana Sutra; Chinese canonical: Taisho Tripitaka T. 365. Text extracted from CBETA XML edition (cbeta-org/xml-p5, file T/T12/T12n0365.xml, commit master) on 2026-04-18; CBETA gaiji CB00595 normalized to U+9EA8 麨; training-derived text replaced.
- Translation
- Translated by Kālayaśas (畺良耶舍), c. 424–442 CE, during the Liu Song dynasty. This attribution is well-established; no hedging required. Cihang presents the complete Chinese text of all 16 visualizations. English summaries are provided for each section; full translation is out of scope for this devotional presentation.
- Note
- Complete 16-visualization text with English summaries. The 9th Visualization (Guanyin's form) is this sutra's most significant passage for Guanyin devotion; the 10th Visualization (Mahasthamaprapta's form) completes the Pure Land trinity of Amitabha and his two attending bodhisattvas.
- Last reviewed